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Reference · 1950 → 2026

How we got to personal AI.

Sixteen milestones that turned the idea of cloning a person into a working technology.
  1. 1950theory

    The Turing Test

    Alan Turing publishes 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence', proposing the imitation game that still frames how we evaluate digital impersonation.

  2. 1956theory

    Dartmouth Workshop

    The term 'artificial intelligence' is coined. The intellectual ancestors of every modern clone trace back to this summer.

  3. 1966system

    ELIZA

    Joseph Weizenbaum builds the first chatbot. Users famously project personality onto a 200-line script — the first lesson in how easily humans accept a simulated other.

  4. 1972system

    PARRY

    A more structured rule-based 'personality' bot meets ELIZA in the first AI-to-AI dialogue.

  5. 1984video

    Digital Humans (early CG)

    Pixar's research and SIGGRAPH demos establish the visual vocabulary that AI avatars will eventually inherit.

  6. 1997culture

    Deep Blue

    IBM's chess engine beats Kasparov. The cultural idea of a machine that can out-think a specific person enters the mainstream.

  7. 2011voice

    Siri

    Apple ships the first mass-market voice assistant. Personal AI becomes a daily habit for hundreds of millions.

  8. 2014model

    Generative Adversarial Networks

    Ian Goodfellow's GANs make convincing synthetic faces possible — the technical seed of the deepfake era.

  9. 2017model

    Transformer architecture

    Google's 'Attention Is All You Need' paper introduces the transformer, the architecture underneath every modern clone.

  10. 2017video

    Deepfakes go public

    Open-source face-swap tools land on consumer hardware. The vocabulary 'deepfake' enters the language.

  11. 2020model

    GPT-3

    The first large language model capable of sustained, stylistically distinctive prose. Text-based personal clones become technically feasible.

  12. 2022voice

    Neural voice cloning at consumer quality

    Tools like ElevenLabs and Resemble launch clones from short samples. The economics of voice change overnight.

  13. 2023video

    Real-time AI video avatars

    Synthesia, HeyGen and rivals ship avatars indistinguishable from human presenters in short form.

  14. 2024system

    Personal memory for AI

    Long-term memory features arrive in consumer AI assistants. Continuity makes the twin idea real.

  15. 2025culture

    Executive twins enter rotation

    Mid-market CEOs publicly disclose using personal clones in internal communication.

  16. 2026culture

    Personal AI mainstream

    Personal clones become a normal line item alongside email and calendar. Identity rights move to the center of policy debate.