
Reference · 1950 → 2026
How we got to personal AI.
- 1950theory
The Turing Test
Alan Turing publishes 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence', proposing the imitation game that still frames how we evaluate digital impersonation.
- 1956theory
Dartmouth Workshop
The term 'artificial intelligence' is coined. The intellectual ancestors of every modern clone trace back to this summer.
- 1966system
ELIZA
Joseph Weizenbaum builds the first chatbot. Users famously project personality onto a 200-line script — the first lesson in how easily humans accept a simulated other.
- 1972system
PARRY
A more structured rule-based 'personality' bot meets ELIZA in the first AI-to-AI dialogue.
- 1984video
Digital Humans (early CG)
Pixar's research and SIGGRAPH demos establish the visual vocabulary that AI avatars will eventually inherit.
- 1997culture
Deep Blue
IBM's chess engine beats Kasparov. The cultural idea of a machine that can out-think a specific person enters the mainstream.
- 2011voice
Siri
Apple ships the first mass-market voice assistant. Personal AI becomes a daily habit for hundreds of millions.
- 2014model
Generative Adversarial Networks
Ian Goodfellow's GANs make convincing synthetic faces possible — the technical seed of the deepfake era.
- 2017model
Transformer architecture
Google's 'Attention Is All You Need' paper introduces the transformer, the architecture underneath every modern clone.
- 2017video
Deepfakes go public
Open-source face-swap tools land on consumer hardware. The vocabulary 'deepfake' enters the language.
- 2020model
GPT-3
The first large language model capable of sustained, stylistically distinctive prose. Text-based personal clones become technically feasible.
- 2022voice
Neural voice cloning at consumer quality
Tools like ElevenLabs and Resemble launch clones from short samples. The economics of voice change overnight.
- 2023video
Real-time AI video avatars
Synthesia, HeyGen and rivals ship avatars indistinguishable from human presenters in short form.
- 2024system
Personal memory for AI
Long-term memory features arrive in consumer AI assistants. Continuity makes the twin idea real.
- 2025culture
Executive twins enter rotation
Mid-market CEOs publicly disclose using personal clones in internal communication.
- 2026culture
Personal AI mainstream
Personal clones become a normal line item alongside email and calendar. Identity rights move to the center of policy debate.